What problems are caused by smoking?By smoking, you can cause health problems not only for yourself but also for those around you.
Hurting Yourself
Smoking is an addiction.
Tobacco contains
nicotine, a drug that is addictive. The nicotine, therefore, makes it very difficult (although not impossible) to quit. In fact, since the U.S. Surgeon General's 1964 report on the dangers of smoking, millions of Americans have quit. Still, more than 430,000 deaths occur in the U.S. each year from smoking-related illnesses. The reason for these deaths is that smoking greatly increases the risk of getting
lung cancer,
heart attack, chronic lung disease,
stroke, and many other cancers. Moreover, smoking is perhaps the most preventable cause of breathing (respiratory) diseases within the USA.
Hurting Others
Smoking harms not just the smoker, but also family members, coworkers, and others who breathe the smoker's cigarette smoke, called
secondhand smoke or passive smoke. Among infants up to 18 months of age, secondhand smoke is associated with as many as 300,000 cases of
bronchitis and
pneumonia each year. In addition, secondhand smoke from a parent's cigarette increases a child's chances for middle ear problems, causes coughing and
wheezing, worsens
asthma, and increases an infant’s risk of dying from
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Exposure to passive smoke can also cause
cancer. Research has shown that non-smokers who reside with a smoker have a 24% increase in risk for developing lung cancer when compared with other non-smokers. An estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths occur each year in the U.S. that are attributable to
passive smoking. Secondhand smoke also increases the risk of stroke and
heart disease. If both parents smoke, a teenager is more than twice as likely to smoke as a teenager whose parents are both nonsmokers. Even in households where only one parent smokes, young people are more likely to start smoking. Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to deliver babies whose weights are too low for the babies' good health. In fact, it has been estimated that if all women
quit smoking during
pregnancy, about 4,000 new babies would not die each year.
What is addictive disease and why is smoking considered an addictive disease?The term addictive disease or addiction describes a persistent habit that is harmful to the person. Thus, addiction is a chronic (long duration) disease with reliance on the substance causing the addiction. The addictive substance also causes the accompanying deterioration of a person's physical and psychological health.
Psychologically, an individual's behavior pattern establishes how the addictive substance is used. One type of behavior is compulsive behavior, which is an overwhelming and irresistible interest in use of the substance. For example, the compulsive addict makes sure that the substance is always available. Another type of behavior is habitual behavior, which is using the substance regularly or occasionally for the desirable effects. Physically, continuous use of the substance leads to dependence on the drug by the body. This dependence means that when the drug is discontinued, symptoms of withdrawal or distress occur.
Nicotine is the component of cigarettes that addicts. Almost immediately upon inhalation, the body responds to the nicotine. An individual feels relaxed, calmer, and happier than before the inhalation. These pleasant feelings reflect the physical side of addiction; but then, doing without cigarettes causes craving for more cigarettes, irritability, impatience,
anxiety, and other unpleasant symptoms. Indeed, these symptoms are the symptoms of withdrawal from cigarettes. What's more, over time, more and more nicotine is desired to produce the favorable effects and to avoid the symptoms of withdrawal.
What are the signs of cigarette addiction?The signs of addiction to cigarettes include:
Smoking more than seven cigarettes per day
Inhaling deeply and frequently
Smoking cigarettes containing nicotine levels more than 0.9mg
Smoking within 30 minutes of awakening in the morning
Finding it difficult to eliminate the first cigarette in the morning
Smoking frequently during the morning
Finding it difficult to avoid smoking in smoking-restricted areas
Needing to smoke even if sick and in bed
Why should someone quit smoking?Quitting smoking makes a difference right away in the way you feel. You can taste and smell food better. Your breath smells better. Your
cough goes away. These benefits happen for men and women of all ages, even those who are older. They happen for healthy people as well as those who already have a disease or condition caused by smoking.
Even more importantly, in the long run, quitting smoking cuts the risk of lung cancer, many other cancers, heart disease, stroke, and other lung or breathing (respiratory) diseases (e.g.,
bronchitis, pneumonia, and
emphysema). Moreover, ex-smokers have better health than current smokers. For example, ex-smokers have fewer days of illness, fewer health complaints, and less bronchitis and pneumonia than current smokers.
Finally, quitting smoking saves money. A pack-a-day smoker who pays $4.00 per pack can expect to save more than $1,408 per year! What's more, it appears that the price of cigarettes will continue to rise in coming years, as will the financial rewards of quitting.
What are the steps in quitting?First, one can do certain things to get ready to quit. Then, there are other things to do on the day of quitting. Finally, one can do things to help oneself to remain abstinent. (This is the hardest part.)
Getting ready to quit smoking Set a date for quitting. If possible, plan to have a friend quit smoking with you.
Notice when and why you smoke. Try to find the things in your daily life that you often do while smoking (such as drinking your morning cup of coffee or driving a car).
Change your smoking routines: Keep your cigarettes in a different place. Smoke with your other hand. Don't do anything else when you are smoking. Think about how you feel when you smoke.
Smoke only in certain places, such as outdoors.
When you want a cigarette, wait a few minutes. Try to think of something to do instead of smoking. For example, you might chew gum or drink a glass of water.
Buy one pack of cigarettes at a time. Switch to a brand of cigarettes that you don't like.
On the day you quit smoking Get rid of all your cigarettes. Put away your ashtrays.
Change your morning routine. When you eat breakfast, don't sit in the same place at the kitchen table. Stay busy.
When you get the urge to smoke, do something else instead.
Carry other things to put in your mouth, such as gum, hard candy, or a toothpick.
Reward yourself at the end of the day for not smoking. See a movie or go out and enjoy your favorite meal.
Staying quit The expected consequences of quitting are irritability, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and of course, urges to smoke. So, if you feel more short-tempered or distracted or sleepier than usual, don't worry because these feelings will pass.
Try to exercise. For example, take walks or ride a bike.
Consider the positive things about quitting. For example, think about how much you like yourself as a non-smoker, the health benefits for you and your family, and the example you set for others around you. A positive attitude will help you through the tough times.
When you feel tense, try to keep busy and think about ways to ease the tenseness. Tell yourself that smoking won't make it any better, and go do something else.
Eat regular meals because feeling hungry is sometimes mistaken for the desire to smoke.
Start a money jar with the money you save by not buying cigarettes.
Let others know that you have quit smoking. You will find that most people will support you. Many of your smoking friends may want to know how you quit. It's good to talk to others about your quitting. In fact, people who stay off smoking for at least one year often have had very strong support from a companion or coworker.
If you slip and smoke, don't be discouraged. Many former smokers tried to stop several times before they finally succeeded.
What methods can help a person quit smoking?Several methods are available to assist those who decide to quit smoking. The three main categories of methods are:
Changing the behavior that is associated with smoking
Self-help literature
Nicotine replacement therapy.
Each method actually offers several different options. Moreover, combinations of the methods usually are necessary, and no one combination will work for everyone. In fact, it may be necessary to try several different methods or combinations of methods before success is achieved.
Behavioral modification and self-help literature to quit smokingDue to the addictive nature of nicotine, some form of behavioral modification is often necessary for successful cessation of smoking. Educational programs,
hypnosis, and aversion therapy (learning how to avoid cigarettes) are a few options. Patients may be counseled to avoid specific triggers or situations that lead to smoking. For example, instead of awakening and grabbing a cigarette at the bedside or smoking immediately after a meal, people may be encouraged to replace the urge to smoke with another activity, such as, taking a walk or reading a book.
Numerous associations and societies, for example, the American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, and the American Lung Association, have developed brochures to help smokers quit smoking. The American Lung Association also has a FREE
"Freedom From Smoking®" program.
Nicotine replacement therapy to quit smokingNicotine replacement therapy (NRT) became available over the counter in the 1990's. The purpose of nicotine replacement therapy is to substitute another source of nicotine while cigarettes are discontinued. By this means, the habit of smoking is eliminated, even though the addiction to nicotine remains intact. But at the same time, nicotine replacement therapy eliminates the symptoms of withdrawal that can trigger more smoking. In addition, behavioral counseling to change smoking-related behavior usually is necessary. Once cigarettes have been replaced during nicotine replacement therapy, the amount of nicotine is then gradually reduced.
Currently, there are three forms of nicotine replacement therapy available
over-the-counter; nicotine transdermal systems or patches (Nicoderm CQ and Nicotrol), nicotine polacrilex resin or gum (Nicorette), and nicotine lozenges (Commit). The patch contains nicotine that is stored within a specially designed support or matrix. Once applied, the nicotine transdermal systems steadily release nicotine that is absorbed across the skin and into the blood stream. The gum contains nicotine that is released slowly upon chewing and "parking". Parking refers to the action of shifting the gum to one side of the cheek after chewing in order to speed the absorption of nicotine. Nicotine lozenges contain nicotine within a hard candy that allows for slow release of nicotine as the candy dissolves in the mouth. A program for slowly weaning users from nicotine replacement products is provided by each product's manufacturer.
The nicotine patch, Nicoderm CQ, is available in three strengths; 21, 14, and 7 mg. People are advised to begin with the 21 mg patch if they smoke more than 10 cigarettes per day or the 14 mg patch if they smoke less than 10 cigarettes per day. After six weeks of wearing the initial patch strength, the next lowest patch strength is worn for two weeks. If therapy was started with the 21 mg patch, an additional two weeks is required for the 7mg patch. A maximum of eight or 10 weeks, depending upon the strength of the first patch used, is recommended for a successful quitting program. The Nicoderm CQ patch can be worn for 16 hours (from awakening until bedtime) or 24 hours if the urge to smoke is great upon awakening.
Nicotrol is available as a 15 mg patch, and should be worn no more than 16 hours per day. Nicotrol may be worn for up to six weeks.
The side effects commonly seen with patches are burning,
itching, or redness at the site of the patch,
headache,
insomnia, nervousness, dizziness, cough,
rash, joint aches, painful
menstruation, and changes in taste. For more, please read the
nicotine patch article.
The gum, Nicorette, is available in 2 strengths; 4 and 2 mg. Patients are advised to begin with the 4 mg piece of gum if they smoke more than 25 cigarettes per day or the 2 mg piece if they smoke fewer than 7 cigarettes per day. No more than 20 pieces of the 4 mg strength or 30 pieces of the 2 mg strength should be chewed in one day. Initial weaning from treatment should begin after 2 to 3 months and be completed by 4 to 6 months. The most common
side effects with Nicorette are aching jaws or soreness of the gums, changes in taste, abdominal (
gastrointestinal) discomfort, hiccups,
nausea, vomiting, and
belching. For more, please read the
nicotine gum article.
Commit nicotine lozenges are available in 2 or 4 mg doses. One dose consists of one lozenge, and no more than 20 doses should be consumed in one day. The manufacturers of Commit recommend choosing the proper dosage based upon when you usually have the first cigarette of your day. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, if you smoke within 30 minutes of getting up in the morning, you should use the stronger 4 mg dose. If not, you should use the 2 mg lozenges.
Biting or chewing nicotine lozenges instead of allowing them to dissolve can lead to indigestion or
heartburn. You should not eat or drink anything while the lozenge is in your mouth. The lozenges will last for about 20-30 minutes when allowed to dissolve in the mouth. The most commonly reported side effects with nicotine lozenges are indigestion, throat irritation, soreness of the teeth or gums, insomnia, nausea, hiccups, coughing, heartburn, headache, and
flatulence.
How effective is nicotine replacement therapy? Approximately 25% of patients successfully stop smoking with nicotine patch therapy. The success rate with
nicotine gum is similar. There have not yet been studies to compare the effectiveness of nicotine lozenges to the patch or gum. The rate of success for nicotine replacement therapy increases 35-40% when intensive behavioral counseling is added.
What prescription products are available for smoking cessation?The following products for cessation of smoking are available by prescription only. Nicotine for nicotine replacement therapy is available by prescription as an inhaler or nasal spray
(Nicotrol Inhaler and Nicotrol NS). These other forms of delivery of nicotine seem to work as well as the nicotine patches or gum.
Varenicline (Chantix) is a prescription drug approved by the U.S. FDA to help adults quit smoking. Chantix does not contain nicotine, but is believed to act on the same receptors (the sites where nicotine acts to produce its effects) in the brain as nicotine, resulting in activation (stimulation) of these receptors and blocking the ability of nicotine to attach to these receptors. Chantix should be taken seven days prior to the date an individual desires to quit smoking, and most people will keep taking Chantix for up to 12 weeks. Side effects of the medication may include nausea, vomiting, gas, constipation, and changes in dreaming. Chantix is not appropriate for use by pregnant and breast-feeding women and people with certain chronic medical conditions.
Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban, Wellbutrin) is a medication that is used primarily for treating
depression. This drug, however, also has been found to be effective in helping people to quit smoking.
Other agents that have been tried for cessation of smoking include serotonin reuptake antagonists (drugs also used for depression) and the anti-hypertensive drugs
clonidine (Catapres) and
calcium channel blockers. Although these agents appear to be less effective than nicotine replacement therapy, they may be promising for some patients.
How are nicotine-containing products used safely?Users of nicotine-containing products should understand that all of these products have side effects as well as effects on other underlying medical conditions such as
diabetes mellitus,
high blood pressure, asthma, and heart disease. Furthermore, these products can have interactions with other prescribed medications such as pain relievers, blood thinners, and high blood pressure medications. And finally, they do have their limitations. The following guidelines are to help you safely use these products to achieve your goal of quitting smoking.
1. Always read the labels and know the ingredients in the products. Never take more than the recommended dose without checking with your doctor first.
2. If you are pregnant or nursing a baby, seek the advice of a health professional before using any nicotine-containing product.
3. Do not use a nicotine-containing product if you continue to smoke, chew tobacco, use snuff, or other nicotine-containing products.
4. Consult a physician before using nicotine-containing products if you:
Are under 18 years of age
Have heart disease, an irregular heartbeat, or have had a recent heart attack (Nicotine can increase your
heart rate.)
Have high blood pressure that is not controlled with medication (Nicotine can increase your blood pressure.)
Have a history of, or currently have, inflammation of the esophagus (
esophagitis) or ulcers of the stomach or duodenum (
peptic ulcer disease)
Take
insulin for diabetes.
Take any prescription medications (Nicotine interacts with some medications, such as aspirin, some medications for the heart, and female hormones to decrease their levels in the blood.)
Have a skin disorder, such as
dermatitis, which may increase the likelihood of skin reactions by the skin to the patch
5. People should stop using nicotine-containing products and see their physician if they have or develop:
Mouth, tooth, or jaw problems (applies to Nicorette gum)
Irregular heartbeats or
palpitations Symptoms of nicotine overdose, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, and rapid heartbeat
Severe rash, redness, swelling, burning, or itching at the site of the patch
What is in the future for smoking?Health care workers have become extremely active in publicizing the negative effects of smoking. In fact, health care workers have been instrumental in passing various legislation to limit smoking in public; as a result, the proportion of people in the US who smoke has dropped from 40.4% in 1965 to 22.5% in 2002 (data from the US Department of Health).
This reduction in the percent of people who smoke, however, has been significantly less in women than in men. That is, from 1965 to 2002, smoking among men dropped from 50.2% to 25.2% while during the same period, smoking among women dropped from 31.9% to 20.0%. So, in the future, efforts need to be made to understand and eliminate this difference between the genders. Moreover, with the passage of even stricter legislation, the percent of people who smoke should (hopefully) fall to single digits by the year 2010.
One interesting area of the current research on smoking is the study of the population distribution of the genes for smoking (genetic epidemiology). (Genes determine an individual's inherited characteristics.) Only a small fraction of individuals who start smoking as an adolescent will actually become nicotine dependent. So, what determines which individuals will become nicotine-dependent? Investigators have found that smoking initiation (the obligatory first step) and the development of nicotine dependence are both influenced by genetic factors. The genetic factors appear to play a larger role in nicotine dependence than in smoking initiation. The next step will be to identify these genes and learn how they work in order to facilitate the development of effective
prevention and treatment strategies for tobacco addiction.
Teen smoking rates remain of concern; in 2003, approximately 22% of high school students were smokers. According to the
American Cancer Society, the majority of cigarette use begins before a person reaches 18 years of age. Those who do not begin smoking by age 18 generally do not start to smoke later in life. Education of the at-risk teen population is therefore critical for prevention of tobacco use. Various celebrities and activist groups actively promote campaigns aimed at a teen audience that educate about the consequences of smoking and offer advice on smoking cessation and prevention. While teen smoking rates increased during the 1990s (36% of
teens smoked in 1997), prevention and education campaigns have brought about a decrease in teen smoking in recent years.
Smoking and Quitting Smoking At A Glance Although smoking is an addiction, people can quit smoking.
Secondhand smoke is harmful to the health of children, family members, and coworkers
Quitting smoking cuts the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory diseases The steps in quitting, each of which requires special attention and efforts by the smoker, are getting ready to quit, quitting, and staying quit
A number of techniques are available to assist people who want to quit, including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), behavioral modification, and self-help literature
In nicotine replacement therapy, which is the cornerstone of most smoking cessation programs, another source of nicotine is substituted while the cigarettes are stopped (The idea of nicotine replacement therapy is to eliminate both the smoking habit - although the addiction remains - and the symptoms of withdrawal. Then, the replacement nicotine is gradually stopped.)
Currently, three forms of nicotine
What problems are caused by smoking?By smoking, you can cause health problems not only for yourself but also for those around you.
Hurting Yourself
Smoking is an addiction.
Tobacco contains
nicotine, a drug that is addictive. The nicotine, therefore, makes it very difficult (although not impossible) to quit. In fact, since the U.S. Surgeon General's 1964 report on the dangers of smoking, millions of Americans have quit. Still, more than 430,000 deaths occur in the U.S. each year from smoking-related illnesses. The reason for these deaths is that smoking greatly increases the risk of getting
lung cancer,
heart attack, chronic lung disease,
stroke, and many other cancers. Moreover, smoking is perhaps the most preventable cause of breathing (respiratory) diseases within the USA.
Hurting Others
Smoking harms not just the smoker, but also family members, coworkers, and others who breathe the smoker's cigarette smoke, called
secondhand smoke or passive smoke. Among infants up to 18 months of age, secondhand smoke is associated with as many as 300,000 cases of
bronchitis and
pneumonia each year. In addition, secondhand smoke from a parent's cigarette increases a child's chances for middle ear problems, causes coughing and
wheezing, worsens
asthma, and increases an infant’s risk of dying from
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Exposure to passive smoke can also cause
cancer. Research has shown that non-smokers who reside with a smoker have a 24% increase in risk for developing lung cancer when compared with other non-smokers. An estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths occur each year in the U.S. that are attributable to
passive smoking. Secondhand smoke also increases the risk of stroke and
heart disease. If both parents smoke, a teenager is more than twice as likely to smoke as a teenager whose parents are both nonsmokers. Even in households where only one parent smokes, young people are more likely to start smoking. Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to deliver babies whose weights are too low for the babies' good health. In fact, it has been estimated that if all women
quit smoking during
pregnancy, about 4,000 new babies would not die each year.
What is addictive disease and why is smoking considered an addictive disease?The term addictive disease or addiction describes a persistent habit that is harmful to the person. Thus, addiction is a chronic (long duration) disease with reliance on the substance causing the addiction. The addictive substance also causes the accompanying deterioration of a person's physical and psychological health.
Psychologically, an individual's behavior pattern establishes how the addictive substance is used. One type of behavior is compulsive behavior, which is an overwhelming and irresistible interest in use of the substance. For example, the compulsive addict makes sure that the substance is always available. Another type of behavior is habitual behavior, which is using the substance regularly or occasionally for the desirable effects. Physically, continuous use of the substance leads to dependence on the drug by the body. This dependence means that when the drug is discontinued, symptoms of withdrawal or distress occur.
Nicotine is the component of cigarettes that addicts. Almost immediately upon inhalation, the body responds to the nicotine. An individual feels relaxed, calmer, and happier than before the inhalation. These pleasant feelings reflect the physical side of addiction; but then, doing without cigarettes causes craving for more cigarettes, irritability, impatience,
anxiety, and other unpleasant symptoms. Indeed, these symptoms are the symptoms of withdrawal from cigarettes. What's more, over time, more and more nicotine is desired to produce the favorable effects and to avoid the symptoms of withdrawal.
What are the signs of cigarette addiction?The signs of addiction to cigarettes include:
Smoking more than seven cigarettes per day
Inhaling deeply and frequently
Smoking cigarettes containing nicotine levels more than 0.9mg
Smoking within 30 minutes of awakening in the morning
Finding it difficult to eliminate the first cigarette in the morning
Smoking frequently during the morning
Finding it difficult to avoid smoking in smoking-restricted areas
Needing to smoke even if sick and in bed
Why should someone quit smoking?Quitting smoking makes a difference right away in the way you feel. You can taste and smell food better. Your breath smells better. Your
cough goes away. These benefits happen for men and women of all ages, even those who are older. They happen for healthy people as well as those who already have a disease or condition caused by smoking.
Even more importantly, in the long run, quitting smoking cuts the risk of lung cancer, many other cancers, heart disease, stroke, and other lung or breathing (respiratory) diseases (e.g.,
bronchitis, pneumonia, and
emphysema). Moreover, ex-smokers have better health than current smokers. For example, ex-smokers have fewer days of illness, fewer health complaints, and less bronchitis and pneumonia than current smokers.
Finally, quitting smoking saves money. A pack-a-day smoker who pays $4.00 per pack can expect to save more than $1,408 per year! What's more, it appears that the price of cigarettes will continue to rise in coming years, as will the financial rewards of quitting.
What are the steps in quitting?First, one can do certain things to get ready to quit. Then, there are other things to do on the day of quitting. Finally, one can do things to help oneself to remain abstinent. (This is the hardest part.)
Getting ready to quit smoking Set a date for quitting. If possible, plan to have a friend quit smoking with you.
Notice when and why you smoke. Try to find the things in your daily life that you often do while smoking (such as drinking your morning cup of coffee or driving a car).
Change your smoking routines: Keep your cigarettes in a different place. Smoke with your other hand. Don't do anything else when you are smoking. Think about how you feel when you smoke.
Smoke only in certain places, such as outdoors.
When you want a cigarette, wait a few minutes. Try to think of something to do instead of smoking. For example, you might chew gum or drink a glass of water.
Buy one pack of cigarettes at a time. Switch to a brand of cigarettes that you don't like.
On the day you quit smoking Get rid of all your cigarettes. Put away your ashtrays.
Change your morning routine. When you eat breakfast, don't sit in the same place at the kitchen table. Stay busy.
When you get the urge to smoke, do something else instead.
Carry other things to put in your mouth, such as gum, hard candy, or a toothpick.
Reward yourself at the end of the day for not smoking. See a movie or go out and enjoy your favorite meal.
Staying quit The expected consequences of quitting are irritability, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and of course, urges to smoke. So, if you feel more short-tempered or distracted or sleepier than usual, don't worry because these feelings will pass.
Try to exercise. For example, take walks or ride a bike.
Consider the positive things about quitting. For example, think about how much you like yourself as a non-smoker, the health benefits for you and your family, and the example you set for others around you. A positive attitude will help you through the tough times.
When you feel tense, try to keep busy and think about ways to ease the tenseness. Tell yourself that smoking won't make it any better, and go do something else.
Eat regular meals because feeling hungry is sometimes mistaken for the desire to smoke.
Start a money jar with the money you save by not buying cigarettes.
Let others know that you have quit smoking. You will find that most people will support you. Many of your smoking friends may want to know how you quit. It's good to talk to others about your quitting. In fact, people who stay off smoking for at least one year often have had very strong support from a companion or coworker.
If you slip and smoke, don't be discouraged. Many former smokers tried to stop several times before they finally succeeded.
What methods can help a person quit smoking?Several methods are available to assist those who decide to quit smoking. The three main categories of methods are:
Changing the behavior that is associated with smoking
Self-help literature
Nicotine replacement therapy.
Each method actually offers several different options. Moreover, combinations of the methods usually are necessary, and no one combination will work for everyone. In fact, it may be necessary to try several different methods or combinations of methods before success is achieved.
Behavioral modification and self-help literature to quit smokingDue to the addictive nature of nicotine, some form of behavioral modification is often necessary for successful cessation of smoking. Educational programs,
hypnosis, and aversion therapy (learning how to avoid cigarettes) are a few options. Patients may be counseled to avoid specific triggers or situations that lead to smoking. For example, instead of awakening and grabbing a cigarette at the bedside or smoking immediately after a meal, people may be encouraged to replace the urge to smoke with another activity, such as, taking a walk or reading a book.
Numerous associations and societies, for example, the American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, and the American Lung Association, have developed brochures to help smokers quit smoking. The American Lung Association also has a FREE
"Freedom From Smoking®" program.
Nicotine replacement therapy to quit smokingNicotine replacement therapy (NRT) became available over the counter in the 1990's. The purpose of nicotine replacement therapy is to substitute another source of nicotine while cigarettes are discontinued. By this means, the habit of smoking is eliminated, even though the addiction to nicotine remains intact. But at the same time, nicotine replacement therapy eliminates the symptoms of withdrawal that can trigger more smoking. In addition, behavioral counseling to change smoking-related behavior usually is necessary. Once cigarettes have been replaced during nicotine replacement therapy, the amount of nicotine is then gradually reduced.
Currently, there are three forms of nicotine replacement therapy available
over-the-counter; nicotine transdermal systems or patches (Nicoderm CQ and Nicotrol), nicotine polacrilex resin or gum (Nicorette), and nicotine lozenges (Commit). The patch contains nicotine that is stored within a specially designed support or matrix. Once applied, the nicotine transdermal systems steadily release nicotine that is absorbed across the skin and into the blood stream. The gum contains nicotine that is released slowly upon chewing and "parking". Parking refers to the action of shifting the gum to one side of the cheek after chewing in order to speed the absorption of nicotine. Nicotine lozenges contain nicotine within a hard candy that allows for slow release of nicotine as the candy dissolves in the mouth. A program for slowly weaning users from nicotine replacement products is provided by each product's manufacturer.
The nicotine patch, Nicoderm CQ, is available in three strengths; 21, 14, and 7 mg. People are advised to begin with the 21 mg patch if they smoke more than 10 cigarettes per day or the 14 mg patch if they smoke less than 10 cigarettes per day. After six weeks of wearing the initial patch strength, the next lowest patch strength is worn for two weeks. If therapy was started with the 21 mg patch, an additional two weeks is required for the 7mg patch. A maximum of eight or 10 weeks, depending upon the strength of the first patch used, is recommended for a successful quitting program. The Nicoderm CQ patch can be worn for 16 hours (from awakening until bedtime) or 24 hours if the urge to smoke is great upon awakening.
Nicotrol is available as a 15 mg patch, and should be worn no more than 16 hours per day. Nicotrol may be worn for up to six weeks.
The side effects commonly seen with patches are burning,
itching, or redness at the site of the patch,
headache,
insomnia, nervousness, dizziness, cough,
rash, joint aches, painful
menstruation, and changes in taste. For more, please read the
nicotine patch article.
The gum, Nicorette, is available in 2 strengths; 4 and 2 mg. Patients are advised to begin with the 4 mg piece of gum if they smoke more than 25 cigarettes per day or the 2 mg piece if they smoke fewer than 7 cigarettes per day. No more than 20 pieces of the 4 mg strength or 30 pieces of the 2 mg strength should be chewed in one day. Initial weaning from treatment should begin after 2 to 3 months and be completed by 4 to 6 months. The most common
side effects with Nicorette are aching jaws or soreness of the gums, changes in taste, abdominal (
gastrointestinal) discomfort, hiccups,
nausea, vomiting, and
belching. For more, please read the
nicotine gum article.
Commit nicotine lozenges are available in 2 or 4 mg doses. One dose consists of one lozenge, and no more than 20 doses should be consumed in one day. The manufacturers of Commit recommend choosing the proper dosage based upon when you usually have the first cigarette of your day. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, if you smoke within 30 minutes of getting up in the morning, you should use the stronger 4 mg dose. If not, you should use the 2 mg lozenges.
Biting or chewing nicotine lozenges instead of allowing them to dissolve can lead to indigestion or
heartburn. You should not eat or drink anything while the lozenge is in your mouth. The lozenges will last for about 20-30 minutes when allowed to dissolve in the mouth. The most commonly reported side effects with nicotine lozenges are indigestion, throat irritation, soreness of the teeth or gums, insomnia, nausea, hiccups, coughing, heartburn, headache, and
flatulence.
How effective is nicotine replacement therapy? Approximately 25% of patients successfully stop smoking with nicotine patch therapy. The success rate with
nicotine gum is similar. There have not yet been studies to compare the effectiveness of nicotine lozenges to the patch or gum. The rate of success for nicotine replacement therapy increases 35-40% when intensive behavioral counseling is added.
What prescription products are available for smoking cessation?The following products for cessation of smoking are available by prescription only. Nicotine for nicotine replacement therapy is available by prescription as an inhaler or nasal spray
(Nicotrol Inhaler and Nicotrol NS). These other forms of delivery of nicotine seem to work as well as the nicotine patches or gum.
Varenicline (Chantix) is a prescription drug approved by the U.S. FDA to help adults quit smoking. Chantix does not contain nicotine, but is believed to act on the same receptors (the sites where nicotine acts to produce its effects) in the brain as nicotine, resulting in activation (stimulation) of these receptors and blocking the ability of nicotine to attach to these receptors. Chantix should be taken seven days prior to the date an individual desires to quit smoking, and most people will keep taking Chantix for up to 12 weeks. Side effects of the medication may include nausea, vomiting, gas, constipation, and changes in dreaming. Chantix is not appropriate for use by pregnant and breast-feeding women and people with certain chronic medical conditions.
Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban, Wellbutrin) is a medication that is used primarily for treating
depression. This drug, however, also has been found to be effective in helping people to quit smoking.
Other agents that have been tried for cessation of smoking include serotonin reuptake antagonists (drugs also used for depression) and the anti-hypertensive drugs
clonidine (Catapres) and
calcium channel blockers. Although these agents appear to be less effective than nicotine replacement therapy, they may be promising for some patients.
How are nicotine-containing products used safely?Users of nicotine-containing products should understand that all of these products have side effects as well as effects on other underlying medical conditions such as
diabetes mellitus,
high blood pressure, asthma, and heart disease. Furthermore, these products can have interactions with other prescribed medications such as pain relievers, blood thinners, and high blood pressure medications. And finally, they do have their limitations. The following guidelines are to help you safely use these products to achieve your goal of quitting smoking.
1. Always read the labels and know the ingredients in the products. Never take more than the recommended dose without checking with your doctor first.
2. If you are pregnant or nursing a baby, seek the advice of a health professional before using any nicotine-containing product.
3. Do not use a nicotine-containing product if you continue to smoke, chew tobacco, use snuff, or other nicotine-containing products.
4. Consult a physician before using nicotine-containing products if you:
Are under 18 years of age
Have heart disease, an irregular heartbeat, or have had a recent heart attack (Nicotine can increase your
heart rate.)
Have high blood pressure that is not controlled with medication (Nicotine can increase your blood pressure.)
Have a history of, or currently have, inflammation of the esophagus (
esophagitis) or ulcers of the stomach or duodenum (
peptic ulcer disease)
Take
insulin for diabetes.
Take any prescription medications (Nicotine interacts with some medications, such as aspirin, some medications for the heart, and female hormones to decrease their levels in the blood.)
Have a skin disorder, such as
dermatitis, which may increase the likelihood of skin reactions by the skin to the patch
5. People should stop using nicotine-containing products and see their physician if they have or develop:
Mouth, tooth, or jaw problems (applies to Nicorette gum)
Irregular heartbeats or
palpitations Symptoms of nicotine overdose, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, and rapid heartbeat
Severe rash, redness, swelling, burning, or itching at the site of the patch
What is in the future for smoking?Health care workers have become extremely active in publicizing the negative effects of smoking. In fact, health care workers have been instrumental in passing various legislation to limit smoking in public; as a result, the proportion of people in the US who smoke has dropped from 40.4% in 1965 to 22.5% in 2002 (data from the US Department of Health).
This reduction in the percent of people who smoke, however, has been significantly less in women than in men. That is, from 1965 to 2002, smoking among men dropped from 50.2% to 25.2% while during the same period, smoking among women dropped from 31.9% to 20.0%. So, in the future, efforts need to be made to understand and eliminate this difference between the genders. Moreover, with the passage of even stricter legislation, the percent of people who smoke should (hopefully) fall to single digits by the year 2010.
One interesting area of the current research on smoking is the study of the population distribution of the genes for smoking (genetic epidemiology). (Genes determine an individual's inherited characteristics.) Only a small fraction of individuals who start smoking as an adolescent will actually become nicotine dependent. So, what determines which individuals will become nicotine-dependent? Investigators have found that smoking initiation (the obligatory first step) and the development of nicotine dependence are both influenced by genetic factors. The genetic factors appear to play a larger role in nicotine dependence than in smoking initiation. The next step will be to identify these genes and learn how they work in order to facilitate the development of effective
prevention and treatment strategies for tobacco addiction.
Teen smoking rates remain of concern; in 2003, approximately 22% of high school students were smokers. According to the
American Cancer Society, the majority of cigarette use begins before a person reaches 18 years of age. Those who do not begin smoking by age 18 generally do not start to smoke later in life. Education of the at-risk teen population is therefore critical for prevention of tobacco use. Various celebrities and activist groups actively promote campaigns aimed at a teen audience that educate about the consequences of smoking and offer advice on smoking cessation and prevention. While teen smoking rates increased during the 1990s (36% of
teens smoked in 1997), prevention and education campaigns have brought about a decrease in teen smoking in recent years.
Smoking and Quitting Smoking At A Glance Although smoking is an addiction, people can quit smoking.
Secondhand smoke is harmful to the health of children, family members, and coworkers
Quitting smoking cuts the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory diseases The steps in quitting, each of which requires special attention and efforts by the smoker, are getting ready to quit, quitting, and staying quit
A number of techniques are available to assist people who want to quit, including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), behavioral modification, and self-help literature
In nicotine replacement therapy, which is the cornerstone of most smoking cessation programs, another source of nicotine is substituted while the cigarettes are stopped (The idea of nicotine replacement therapy is to eliminate both the smoking habit - although the addiction remains - and the symptoms of withdrawal. Then, the replacement nicotine is gradually stopped.)
Currently, three forms of nicotine replacement therapy are available over the counter: nicotine patches, nicotine gum, and nicotine lozenges, while two forms are available by prescription, an inhaler and a nasal spray
Nicotine replacement therapy has about a 25% success rate, which increases to 35 or 40% when nicotine replacement therapy is combined with intensive behavioral counseling
Nicotine-containing substances have side effects, interactions with other medications, effects on other medical conditions, and limitations in their use
A
prescription drug called bupropion (Zyban, Wellbutrin) has been found to be effective in helping people to stop smoking
What problems are caused by smoking?By smoking, you can cause health problems not only for yourself but also for those around you.
Hurting Yourself
Smoking is an addiction.
Tobacco contains
nicotine, a drug that is addictive. The nicotine, therefore, makes it very difficult (although not impossible) to quit. In fact, since the U.S. Surgeon General's 1964 report on the dangers of smoking, millions of Americans have quit. Still, more than 430,000 deaths occur in the U.S. each year from smoking-related illnesses. The reason for these deaths is that smoking greatly increases the risk of getting
lung cancer,
heart attack, chronic lung disease,
stroke, and many other cancers. Moreover, smoking is perhaps the most preventable cause of breathing (respiratory) diseases within the USA.
Hurting Others
Smoking harms not just the smoker, but also family members, coworkers, and others who breathe the smoker's cigarette smoke, called
secondhand smoke or passive smoke. Among infants up to 18 months of age, secondhand smoke is associated with as many as 300,000 cases of
bronchitis and
pneumonia each year. In addition, secondhand smoke from a parent's cigarette increases a child's chances for middle ear problems, causes coughing and
wheezing, worsens
asthma, and increases an infant’s risk of dying from
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Exposure to passive smoke can also cause
cancer. Research has shown that non-smokers who reside with a smoker have a 24% increase in risk for developing lung cancer when compared with other non-smokers. An estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths occur each year in the U.S. that are attributable to
passive smoking. Secondhand smoke also increases the risk of stroke and
heart disease. If both parents smoke, a teenager is more than twice as likely to smoke as a teenager whose parents are both nonsmokers. Even in households where only one parent smokes, young people are more likely to start smoking. Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to deliver babies whose weights are too low for the babies' good health. In fact, it has been estimated that if all women
quit smoking during
pregnancy, about 4,000 new babies would not die each year.
What is addictive disease and why is smoking considered an addictive disease?The term addictive disease or addiction describes a persistent habit that is harmful to the person. Thus, addiction is a chronic (long duration) disease with reliance on the substance causing the addiction. The addictive substance also causes the accompanying deterioration of a person's physical and psychological health.
Psychologically, an individual's behavior pattern establishes how the addictive substance is used. One type of behavior is compulsive behavior, which is an overwhelming and irresistible interest in use of the substance. For example, the compulsive addict makes sure that the substance is always available. Another type of behavior is habitual behavior, which is using the substance regularly or occasionally for the desirable effects. Physically, continuous use of the substance leads to dependence on the drug by the body. This dependence means that when the drug is discontinued, symptoms of withdrawal or distress occur.
Nicotine is the component of cigarettes that addicts. Almost immediately upon inhalation, the body responds to the nicotine. An individual feels relaxed, calmer, and happier than before the inhalation. These pleasant feelings reflect the physical side of addiction; but then, doing without cigarettes causes craving for more cigarettes, irritability, impatience,
anxiety, and other unpleasant symptoms. Indeed, these symptoms are the symptoms of withdrawal from cigarettes. What's more, over time, more and more nicotine is desired to produce the favorable effects and to avoid the symptoms of withdrawal.
What are the signs of cigarette addiction?The signs of addiction to cigarettes include:
Smoking more than seven cigarettes per day
Inhaling deeply and frequently
Smoking cigarettes containing nicotine levels more than 0.9mg
Smoking within 30 minutes of awakening in the morning
Finding it difficult to eliminate the first cigarette in the morning
Smoking frequently during the morning
Finding it difficult to avoid smoking in smoking-restricted areas
Needing to smoke even if sick and in bed
Why should someone quit smoking?Quitting smoking makes a difference right away in the way you feel. You can taste and smell food better. Your breath smells better. Your
cough goes away. These benefits happen for men and women of all ages, even those who are older. They happen for healthy people as well as those who already have a disease or condition caused by smoking.
Even more importantly, in the long run, quitting smoking cuts the risk of lung cancer, many other cancers, heart disease, stroke, and other lung or breathing (respiratory) diseases (e.g.,
bronchitis, pneumonia, and
emphysema). Moreover, ex-smokers have better health than current smokers. For example, ex-smokers have fewer days of illness, fewer health complaints, and less bronchitis and pneumonia than current smokers.
Finally, quitting smoking saves money. A pack-a-day smoker who pays $4.00 per pack can expect to save more than $1,408 per year! What's more, it appears that the price of cigarettes will continue to rise in coming years, as will the financial rewards of quitting.
What are the steps in quitting?First, one can do certain things to get ready to quit. Then, there are other things to do on the day of quitting. Finally, one can do things to help oneself to remain abstinent. (This is the hardest part.)
Getting ready to quit smoking Set a date for quitting. If possible, plan to have a friend quit smoking with you.
Notice when and why you smoke. Try to find the things in your daily life that you often do while smoking (such as drinking your morning cup of coffee or driving a car).
Change your smoking routines: Keep your cigarettes in a different place. Smoke with your other hand. Don't do anything else when you are smoking. Think about how you feel when you smoke.
Smoke only in certain places, such as outdoors.
When you want a cigarette, wait a few minutes. Try to think of something to do instead of smoking. For example, you might chew gum or drink a glass of water.
Buy one pack of cigarettes at a time. Switch to a brand of cigarettes that you don't like.
On the day you quit smoking Get rid of all your cigarettes. Put away your ashtrays.
Change your morning routine. When you eat breakfast, don't sit in the same place at the kitchen table. Stay busy.
When you get the urge to smoke, do something else instead.
Carry other things to put in your mouth, such as gum, hard candy, or a toothpick.
Reward yourself at the end of the day for not smoking. See a movie or go out and enjoy your favorite meal.
Staying quit The expected consequences of quitting are irritability, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and of course, urges to smoke. So, if you feel more short-tempered or distracted or sleepier than usual, don't worry because these feelings will pass.
Try to exercise. For example, take walks or ride a bike.
Consider the positive things about quitting. For example, think about how much you like yourself as a non-smoker, the health benefits for you and your family, and the example you set for others around you. A positive attitude will help you through the tough times.
When you feel tense, try to keep busy and think about ways to ease the tenseness. Tell yourself that smoking won't make it any better, and go do something else.
Eat regular meals because feeling hungry is sometimes mistaken for the desire to smoke.
Start a money jar with the money you save by not buying cigarettes.
Let others know that you have quit smoking. You will find that most people will support you. Many of your smoking friends may want to know how you quit. It's good to talk to others about your quitting. In fact, people who stay off smoking for at least one year often have had very strong support from a companion or coworker.
If you slip and smoke, don't be discouraged. Many former smokers tried to stop several times before they finally succeeded.
What methods can help a person quit smoking?Several methods are available to assist those who decide to quit smoking. The three main categories of methods are:
Changing the behavior that is associated with smoking
Self-help literature
Nicotine replacement therapy.
Each method actually offers several different options. Moreover, combinations of the methods usually are necessary, and no one combination will work for everyone. In fact, it may be necessary to try several different methods or combinations of methods before success is achieved.
Behavioral modification and self-help literature to quit smokingDue to the addictive nature of nicotine, some form of behavioral modification is often necessary for successful cessation of smoking. Educational programs,
hypnosis, and aversion therapy (learning how to avoid cigarettes) are a few options. Patients may be counseled to avoid specific triggers or situations that lead to smoking. For example, instead of awakening and grabbing a cigarette at the bedside or smoking immediately after a meal, people may be encouraged to replace the urge to smoke with another activity, such as, taking a walk or reading a book.
Numerous associations and societies, for example, the American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, and the American Lung Association, have developed brochures to help smokers quit smoking. The American Lung Association also has a FREE
"Freedom From Smoking®" program.
Nicotine replacement therapy to quit smokingNicotine replacement therapy (NRT) became available over the counter in the 1990's. The purpose of nicotine replacement therapy is to substitute another source of nicotine while cigarettes are discontinued. By this means, the habit of smoking is eliminated, even though the addiction to nicotine remains intact. But at the same time, nicotine replacement therapy eliminates the symptoms of withdrawal that can trigger more smoking. In addition, behavioral counseling to change smoking-related behavior usually is necessary. Once cigarettes have been replaced during nicotine replacement therapy, the amount of nicotine is then gradually reduced.
Currently, there are three forms of nicotine replacement therapy available
over-the-counter; nicotine transdermal systems or patches (Nicoderm CQ and Nicotrol), nicotine polacrilex resin or gum (Nicorette), and nicotine lozenges (Commit). The patch contains nicotine that is stored within a specially designed support or matrix. Once applied, the nicotine transdermal systems steadily release nicotine that is absorbed across the skin and into the blood stream. The gum contains nicotine that is released slowly upon chewing and "parking". Parking refers to the action of shifting the gum to one side of the cheek after chewing in order to speed the absorption of nicotine. Nicotine lozenges contain nicotine within a hard candy that allows for slow release of nicotine as the candy dissolves in the mouth. A program for slowly weaning users from nicotine replacement products is provided by each product's manufacturer.
The nicotine patch, Nicoderm CQ, is available in three strengths; 21, 14, and 7 mg. People are advised to begin with the 21 mg patch if they smoke more than 10 cigarettes per day or the 14 mg patch if they smoke less than 10 cigarettes per day. After six weeks of wearing the initial patch strength, the next lowest patch strength is worn for two weeks. If therapy was started with the 21 mg patch, an additional two weeks is required for the 7mg patch. A maximum of eight or 10 weeks, depending upon the strength of the first patch used, is recommended for a successful quitting program. The Nicoderm CQ patch can be worn for 16 hours (from awakening until bedtime) or 24 hours if the urge to smoke is great upon awakening.
Nicotrol is available as a 15 mg patch, and should be worn no more than 16 hours per day. Nicotrol may be worn for up to six weeks.
The side effects commonly seen with patches are burning,
itching, or redness at the site of the patch,
headache,
insomnia, nervousness, dizziness, cough,
rash, joint aches, painful
menstruation, and changes in taste. For more, please read the
nicotine patch article.
The gum, Nicorette, is available in 2 strengths; 4 and 2 mg. Patients are advised to begin with the 4 mg piece of gum if they smoke more than 25 cigarettes per day or the 2 mg piece if they smoke fewer than 7 cigarettes per day. No more than 20 pieces of the 4 mg strength or 30 pieces of the 2 mg strength should be chewed in one day. Initial weaning from treatment should begin after 2 to 3 months and be completed by 4 to 6 months. The most common
side effects with Nicorette are aching jaws or soreness of the gums, changes in taste, abdominal (
gastrointestinal) discomfort, hiccups,
nausea, vomiting, and
belching. For more, please read the
nicotine gum article.
Commit nicotine lozenges are available in 2 or 4 mg doses. One dose consists of one lozenge, and no more than 20 doses should be consumed in one day. The manufacturers of Commit recommend choosing the proper dosage based upon when you usually have the first cigarette of your day. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, if you smoke within 30 minutes of getting up in the morning, you should use the stronger 4 mg dose. If not, you should use the 2 mg lozenges.
Biting or chewing nicotine lozenges instead of allowing them to dissolve can lead to indigestion or
heartburn. You should not eat or drink anything while the lozenge is in your mouth. The lozenges will last for about 20-30 minutes when allowed to dissolve in the mouth. The most commonly reported side effects with nicotine lozenges are indigestion, throat irritation, soreness of the teeth or gums, insomnia, nausea, hiccups, coughing, heartburn, headache, and
flatulence.
How effective is nicotine replacement therapy? Approximately 25% of patients successfully stop smoking with nicotine patch therapy. The success rate with
nicotine gum is similar. There have not yet been studies to compare the effectiveness of nicotine lozenges to the patch or gum. The rate of success for nicotine replacement therapy increases 35-40% when intensive behavioral counseling is added.
What prescription products are available for smoking cessation?The following products for cessation of smoking are available by prescription only. Nicotine for nicotine replacement therapy is available by prescription as an inhaler or nasal spray
(Nicotrol Inhaler and Nicotrol NS). These other forms of delivery of nicotine seem to work as well as the nicotine patches or gum.
Varenicline (Chantix) is a prescription drug approved by the U.S. FDA to help adults quit smoking. Chantix does not contain nicotine, but is believed to act on the same receptors (the sites where nicotine acts to produce its effects) in the brain as nicotine, resulting in activation (stimulation) of these receptors and blocking the ability of nicotine to attach to these receptors. Chantix should be taken seven days prior to the date an individual desires to quit smoking, and most people will keep taking Chantix for up to 12 weeks. Side effects of the medication may include nausea, vomiting, gas, constipation, and changes in dreaming. Chantix is not appropriate for use by pregnant and breast-feeding women and people with certain chronic medical conditions.
Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban, Wellbutrin) is a medication that is used primarily for treating
depression. This drug, however, also has been found to be effective in helping people to quit smoking.
Other agents that have been tried for cessation of smoking include serotonin reuptake antagonists (drugs also used for depression) and the anti-hypertensive drugs
clonidine (Catapres) and
calcium channel blockers. Although these agents appear to be less effective than nicotine replacement therapy, they may be promising for some patients.
How are nicotine-containing products used safely?Users of nicotine-containing products should understand that all of these products have side effects as well as effects on other underlying medical conditions such as
diabetes mellitus,
high blood pressure, asthma, and heart disease. Furthermore, these products can have interactions with other prescribed medications such as pain relievers, blood thinners, and high blood pressure medications. And finally, they do have their limitations. The following guidelines are to help you safely use these products to achieve your goal of quitting smoking.
1. Always read the labels and know the ingredients in the products. Never take more than the recommended dose without checking with your doctor first.
2. If you are pregnant or nursing a baby, seek the advice of a health professional before using any nicotine-containing product.
3. Do not use a nicotine-containing product if you continue to smoke, chew tobacco, use snuff, or other nicotine-containing products.
4. Consult a physician before using nicotine-containing products if you:
Are under 18 years of age
Have heart disease, an irregular heartbeat, or have had a recent heart attack (Nicotine can increase your
heart rate.)
Have high blood pressure that is not controlled with medication (Nicotine can increase your blood pressure.)
Have a history of, or currently have, inflammation of the esophagus (
esophagitis) or ulcers of the stomach or duodenum (
peptic ulcer disease)
Take
insulin for diabetes.
Take any prescription medications (Nicotine interacts with some medications, such as aspirin, some medications for the heart, and female hormones to decrease their levels in the blood.)
Have a skin disorder, such as
dermatitis, which may increase the likelihood of skin reactions by the skin to the patch
5. People should stop using nicotine-containing products and see their physician if they have or develop:
Mouth, tooth, or jaw problems (applies to Nicorette gum)
Irregular heartbeats or
palpitations Symptoms of nicotine overdose, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, and rapid heartbeat
Severe rash, redness, swelling, burning, or itching at the site of the patch
What is in the future for smoking?Health care workers have become extremely active in publicizing the negative effects of smoking. In fact, health care workers have been instrumental in passing various legislation to limit smoking in public; as a result, the proportion of people in the US who smoke has dropped from 40.4% in 1965 to 22.5% in 2002 (data from the US Department of Health).
This reduction in the percent of people who smoke, however, has been significantly less in women than in men. That is, from 1965 to 2002, smoking among men dropped from 50.2% to 25.2% while during the same period, smoking among women dropped from 31.9% to 20.0%. So, in the future, efforts need to be made to understand and eliminate this difference between the genders. Moreover, with the passage of even stricter legislation, the percent of people who smoke should (hopefully) fall to single digits by the year 2010.
One interesting area of the current research on smoking is the study of the population distribution of the genes for smoking (genetic epidemiology). (Genes determine an individual's inherited characteristics.) Only a small fraction of individuals who start smoking as an adolescent will actually become nicotine dependent. So, what determines which individuals will become nicotine-dependent? Investigators have found that smoking initiation (the obligatory first step) and the development of nicotine dependence are both influenced by genetic factors. The genetic factors appear to play a larger role in nicotine dependence than in smoking initiation. The next step will be to identify these genes and learn how they work in order to facilitate the development of effective
prevention and treatment strategies for tobacco addiction.
Teen smoking rates remain of concern; in 2003, approximately 22% of high school students were smokers. According to the
American Cancer Society, the majority of cigarette use begins before a person reaches 18 years of age. Those who do not begin smoking by age 18 generally do not start to smoke later in life. Education of the at-risk teen population is therefore critical for prevention of tobacco use. Various celebrities and activist groups actively promote campaigns aimed at a teen audience that educate about the consequences of smoking and offer advice on smoking cessation and prevention. While teen smoking rates increased during the 1990s (36% of
teens smoked in 1997), prevention and education campaigns have brought about a decrease in teen smoking in recent years.
Smoking and Quitting Smoking At A Glance Although smoking is an addiction, people can quit smoking.
Secondhand smoke is harmful to the health of children, family members, and coworkers
Quitting smoking cuts the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory diseases The steps in quitting, each of which requires special attention and efforts by the smoker, are getting ready to quit, quitting, and staying quit
A number of techniques are available to assist people who want to quit, including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), behavioral modification, and self-help literature
In nicotine replacement therapy, which is the cornerstone of most smoking cessation programs, another source of nicotine is substituted while the cigarettes are stopped (The idea of nicotine replacement therapy is to eliminate both the smoking habit - although the addiction remains - and the symptoms of withdrawal. Then, the replacement nicotine is gradually stopped.)
Currently, three forms of nicotine replacement therapy are available over the counter: nicotine patches, nicotine gum, and nicotine lozenges, while two forms are available by prescription, an inhaler and a nasal spray
Nicotine replacement therapy has about a 25% success rate, which increases to 35 or 40% when nicotine replacement therapy is combined with intensive behavioral counseling
Nicotine-containing substances have side effects, interactions with other medications, effects on other medical conditions, and limitations in their use
A
prescription drug called bupropion (Zyban, Wellbutrin) has been found to be effective in helping people to stop smoking
therapy are available over the counter: nicotine patches, nicotine gum, and nicotine lozenges, while two forms are available by prescription, an inhaler and a nasal spray
Nicotine replacement therapy has about a 25% success rate, which increases to 35 or 40% when nicotine replacement therapy is combined with intensive behavioral counseling
Nicotine-containing substances have side effects, interactions with other medications, effects on other medical conditions, and limitations in their use
A
prescription drug called bupropion (Zyban, Wellbutrin) has been found to be effective in helping people to stop smoking
